for Ischia. After Ottaviano, the Emperor Tiberius resided on the island for a decade and it was from Capri that he managed the interests of the Empire.  The presence of the two emperors on Capri notably influenced the island architecture and the development of the urban area.

 

The advanced engineering and building capabilities of the Romans, resulted in the construction of the port, sophisticated drainage and water storage systems, farms, habitations, and the twelve Imperial villas listed in the nineteenth century by the native historian, Rosario Mengoni. Fine examples of the Roman period are Villa Jovis, Villa Palazzo a Mare and Villa Damecuta.

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In the Middle Ages the Island of Capri underwent a number of invasions by the Saracens, who habitually pillaged the towns of Southern Italy and deported the inhabitants as slaves. The fear of the invaders led the population of Capri to elect San Costanzo as guardian of the Island, and, indeed, the saint is almost always depicted in the act of turning away the pirates. During the invasions, the indigenous population used to hide in the caves, the largest of which was the Grotta del Monte Castiglione. Only towards the close of the twelfth century were the first walled fortresses were built to defend the population.

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Until 1860 Capri came under the rule of Naples. It had been traded on various occasions up until 1445 when it was granted the Right of Inalienability, meaning that it could no longer be handed over "in feudo". With the Angevins Capri obtained certain benefits such as the right to fish along the Gaeta and Salerno coasts without having to pay the custom duties to the court, the possibility to elect its own administrative representatives and to import goods from Naples which were not available on the island, such as wheat. Towards 1300, with the foundation of the Charterhouse of St. Giacomo, the Carthusian monks, using the powers conferred on them by Pope Gregory XI, introduced a series of heavy tax duties which caused great malcontent in the population and consequent rioting.

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In 1535, following an extremely violent attack, Khair-ad-din, alias Barba Rossa or Red Beard, conquered Capri and set fire to the Castle, from that time onwards known as Barbarossa Castle. A similar fate awaited the Charterhouse, assaulted by the troops of the Admiral Dragut in 1553. Not until 1571, with the battle of Lepanto, did the united navies of the Christian States manage to defeat the Ottoman Forces. The first written documents regarding the Island of Capri date back to the 1500s, an example of which Fabio Giordano's manuscript of 1570. In the 17th Century Capri was hit by the plague which rampaged through the whole of Italy in that period.

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In the eighteen hundreds the name "Capri" began to become known in the rest of the world. Initially it owed its fame to its strategic position for the control of Southern Italy and as the territory of bitter fighting between the French of Napoleon's Empire, who had succeeded the Bourbons, and the British. It was in this period that numerous Forts along the Island perimeters were built, seriously compromising the Roman ruins which had managed to survive until that time. Some years later, Capri's fame increased with the growing interest in travel, which brought to the island the first of a long stream of foreign visitors.

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During the nineteenth century guests included artists from all over the world, predominantly Germans belonging to the moneyless Bohemian movement of the time. Only towards the end of the century, with the opening of the Quisisana, did a tourism comprised of members of the various royal families, aristocrats, politicians and industrialists arrive on the island on Capri. The fortune of the Island of Capri's hospitality industry has been in its ability to welcome, with the same care and discretion, guests of every social extraction. Among those to have stayed on the Island of Capri we find the Russian exile Massimo Gorkij, the German artist Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach, Miradois - the monk who lived in the Cave of Matromania, Count Jacques Fersen, the writer Norman Douglas. Axel Munthe, the famous Swedish Physician, also moved to the Island and built his Villa San Michele here. He highly praised Capri in his novel "The History of San Michele".

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From the nineteen fifties onwards Capri became the world capital of the Cafè Society: this is when the season of fashionable parties, gala dinners in fine evening wear and ostentatious luxury began. Today Capri remains a much desired and dreamt destination, visited by tourists from all over the world. Tourists come to the island just for the day or stay much longer, sitting in the Piazzetta enjoying the view from the most exclusive cafès. In the solitary lanes, one can still come across the occasional artist painting, writing or simply absorbing the energy of the island so as to transform it into their next book, album or film. 

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A unique island where the history of the power of nature, beauty, art, poetry and fullness of the senses has to be continued.